This document discusses various types of sports tournaments and their organization. It describes knock-out or elimination tournaments, including single, double, and consolation tournaments. It also covers league or round robin tournaments and their scheduling. Additionally, it discusses combination tournaments that involve preliminary groups or zones competing in knock-out or league format, with the winners advancing to determine an overall champion. The document provides details on drawing fixtures, determining seeds, and deciding winners for different tournament structures.
2. Unit- IV: Competition Organization
Importance of Tournament,
Types of Tournament and its organization structure
Knock-out Tournaments,
League or Round Robin Tournaments,
Combination Tournament
challenge Tournament.
Organization structure of Athletic Meet
Sports Event Intramurals & Extramural Tournament
planning
3. TOURNAMENTS
The dictionary meaning of tournaments is a
large contest of many rounds among various
teams.
A tournaments is a competition held among
various team in a particular activity
according to a fixed schedule where a
winner is decided
4. Different types of tournaments
are—
Knock-out or Elimination Tournament
Single Knock-out or Single Elimination,
Consolation Type I and Type II,
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination
Bagnall – wild elimination tournament
League or Round Robin Tournament
Single League
Double League
5. .
Combination Tournament
Knock-out cum Knock-out
Knock-out cum League,
League cum Knock-out,
League cum League)
Challenge Tournament
Ladder,
Pyramid
6. Knock out or Elimination
Tournament
Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once
defeated, are eliminated and not given another chance
to play.
Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1,
where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12
7. Advantages of Knock-out
Tournament
(i) Economical Tournament: The knock-out
tournaments are less expensive because the team,
which gets defeated, is eliminated from the
competition
(ii) Enhance the Performance: The knock-out
tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of
sports because each team tries to present the best
performance to avoid the defeat
(iii) Less Time: In Knock-out tournament, less time is
consumed to finish the tournament, thus easy to
conduct.
8. .
Less Tiredness to Players: As there are less number of
matches, thus less stress or tiredness over players or
organizers.
Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournament
(i) Good Team may get Eliminated: In Knock-out
Tournament, good team may be eliminated and week team
may come ahead
(ii) Skilled Selection not Possible: In Knock-out
tournament, good selection of players is not possible as
good players may lose their matches in initial matches.
9. .
High Stress on Players: In this tournament, every
match is in Do-or-Die condition, thus very stressful to
players.
Winner of a match/round may have to wait for the
winner of another match to play the next round.
If the fixture is drawn purely by lots, there is a
possibility of matches between strong teams in the
earlier rounds, which would get eliminated, thus
weaker teams reaching Semifinals or the Finals
11. .
The total number of matches to be played in single
knock out tournament will be = n-1
n= number of team
Eg; if 12 teams are participating competition the total
number of match will be = 12-1
=11
Method of determine number of teams in upper half
and lower half.
When number of teams even
Team in upper half would be =
The team in lower half would be =
2
n
2
n
12. . eg; total number of team =12
upper half=
Lower half=
When number of teams odd
upper half =
Lower half =
Eg; number of team 21
upper half =
=11
Lower half=
6
2
12
2
n
6
2
12
2
n
2
1
n
10
2
1
21
2
1
n
2
1
n
2
1
21
2
1
n
14. BYE
The advantage given to a team by using by
drawing lot and exempting it from playing a match in
the first round is known as bye
Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams
competing is decided by the power of two,
18. .
Number of team 13
bye= 16- 13= 3byes
Number of team 17
bye= 32-17= 15
Number of team 32
bye=32-32 =0
Number of team 29
bye=32-29=3
Number of team 31
bye=32-31=1
19. .
Method of determine byes to upper half and lower half
Total number of ‘Byes’ is even
For eg; there are 6 byes nb= number of byes
Upper half =
=3 byes
Lower half =
=3 byes
Total number byes is odd, for eg; there are 11 byes
Upper half =
=
Lower half =
2
6
2
nb
2
6
2
nb
2
1
n
byes
5
2
10
2
1
11
byes
n
6
2
12
2
1
11
2
1
23. Number of rounds
Determine the rounds, the number of time 2 can be
multiplied by its self to reach a number equal to or
exceeding the total number of team/participants.
For eg; determine number of rounds for 16 teams
4th power of 2 is 16
Total 4 rounds
2
2
2
2
34. seeding
A knock-out fixture is usually drawn by lots and if
it is drawn purely on the basis of lots without
considering the standards of the teams, strong
teams may meet each other in the earlier rounds,
hence allowing the weaker teams reaching up to
semifinals resulting in unfair and uninteresting
competition. To avoid this, seeding is done.
Seeding is sorting of the teams and fitting them
into the fixtures so that the stronger teams do not
meet in the earlier rounds.
35. .
This method is good if we know the real
strong teams. Organizers should find out
the real strong team from previous
tournaments.
37. Special Seeding
When some top ranking players or teams
participate in a tournament, the fixtures are
generally drawn in such a manner that these
players or teams play directly at Quarter Finals or
Semifinals stage.
A fixture of 24 teams participating in a
tournament including 4 teams, i.e., 1, 12, 13 and 24,
are given special seeding direct at the Quarter
Finals stage.
38. .
For deciding the number of byes for the
fixture of special seeding, first subtract the
number of teams that are given special
seeding (4) from the total number of teams
participating (24), i.e., 24 – 4 = 20. Now,
Number of Byes = 32 – 20 = 12 Byes
41. Consolation Tournament
In single knock out or elimination tournament, a team
may be eliminated by chance and will not have
another chance to play. To avoid this, consolation
tournaments are advocated. Consolation indicates that
defeated teams would play again to show their worth
and win subsidiary honors.
Consolation tournament is of two types—
• I Type of Consolation Tournament
• II Type of Consolation Tournament
42. I Type of Consolation Tournament
1. Each team will have a chance to play at least
twice.
2. Teams first play a regular knock out
tournament.
3. Teams that are eliminated in the first match in
the regular round will play among themselves in
the consolation round for subsidiary honors
46. II Type of Consolation Tournament
In II type of consolation tournament, every loser of
the regular round will have a chance to play in the
consolation round to win subsidiary honors
53. .
In consolation tournament type 2 , winner of the
regular tournament shall be given the first the first
place and the consolation winner shall be given second
place.
The consolation tournament type 2 is defined superior
to single elimination tournament in deciding the
second place.
54. Double Knock out or Double
Elimination Tournament
• A team must be defeated twice to be eliminated.
• Tournament is continued until all the teams are
defeated twice except one team.
• It is superior to single knock-out and consolation
tournament because it decides the true winners.
• Double elimination is an extension of consolation
type II.
• Regular winner plays with the consolation winner to
decide the champion. • Total number of matches in
this tournament shall be (2n – 2) or (2n – 1
55. (If number 5 wins instead of number 10, then they will have to play again to
decide the champion because both the numbers 5 and 10 have been defeated
only once.)
59. Fixture of 10 team
1 st place : winner of
regular knock-out
tournament will get 1st
place.
60. 2 nd place: for the 2 nd place all the team defeated by
first winner except in the final will play among
themselves on knock-out basis and their winner will play
with the team defeated in the final of regular knock out
tournament.
61. 3 rd place: all the team defeated by the runner up team
of the original regular knock out tournament will play
among themselves on knock out basis and the winner
play with the loser of the final round for 2nd place and
the winner of this match will get 3rd place
63. Merits
(i) It decides. the true winner
(ii) Teams play more number of matches.
(iii) It helps in ranking the participating teams.
(iv) The teams need not wait for the completion of
other matches or rounds
All team get equal chance to play with each other
64. Demerits
(i) It requires a lot of time and facilities.
(ii) Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in
the game
There is no provision of seeding for the very
outstanding or well known top team
65. Double League:
: In double league, every team plays twice with every
other team.
Total number of matches in
Double League = N (N – 1), where N is the
number of teams participating in a tournament.
Eg: 10 number of teams are competing
Total number of matches in double league=10(10-1)
=10(9)
=90
66. Method of Drawing Fixture for
Single League
There are 3 method of drawing fixture for single league
Cyclic method
Tabular method
Stair method
67. Cyclic Method
1ST case
Number of team even
Eg: N=6
Number of round= N-1
6-1=5
No number of byes given
2nd case
Number of team odd
Eg: N=5
Number of round= N
=5
byes will be given
69. Fixture of 6 teams
number of round=6-1=5
NO byes
4
70. .
For drawing fixture by Cyclic Method, fix number 1 in
case of even number of teams and fix Bye in case of
odd number of teams and rotate the other numbers
clockwise as shown in the above fixture.
Total number of rounds for even number of teams =
N – 1 rounds
Total number of rounds for odd number of teams = N
rounds, where N is the number of teams
71. Number of team 8
No of matches=
No of round=n-1 =7
28
2
)
1
(
n
n
72. Number of team 9
No of matches=
No of round= 9
36
2
)
1
(
n
n
73. Tabular Method
In this method, the fixtures are drawn in a tabular
form.
The numbers of columns to be drawn horizontally as
well as vertically are—
a) For even number of teams, N+1 columns
b) For odd number of teams, N+2 columns
74. Procedure for drawing columns
1. draw the required number of columns horizontally
and vertically
2. draw a line diagonally from the left top most corner
to the opposite right bottom corner
3. enter the team and bye if needed in the square of
the first vertical column as shown in the illustrations
given below
4. the squares that fall on one side of the diagonal line
78. (iii) Note the number entered in the top square of the
last vertical column. In the next square, enter 2. Then
precede entering numbers in the other squares every
time adding 2, i.e., 4, 6, etc., until the number
becomes 1 less than the number at the top-most
square.
(iv) After this, enter number 1, 3, 5, etc., i.e., by 2 every
time until the bottom-most square is filled up.
(v) The number of bottom-most square will be 2 less
than the number of the top-most square.
79. Staircase Method
Drawbacks of staircase method
(i) It does not indicate the number of rounds to be
played.
(ii) It is not easy to fix the matches of rounds.
82. Method of deciding winners in
league tournaments
The winners in league tournaments are generally
decided on the basis of points scored by the respective
teams.
Generally, points awarded are:
Win = 2 points
Loss = 0 points
Draw = 1 points to each team
Team getting maximum number of points is declared
the winner.
83. In case of a tie between two or more number of teams,
the ranking is established according to rules and
regulations of the International/National Federation
of that game or as decided by the Tournament
Authorities prior to the commencement of the
tournament
84. Combination Tournament
This type of tournament is usually conducted whenever
matches shall be played among the team belonging to
far away places and the number of teams is large or
when a large number of teams compete for a particular
game. then the team may be divided into few groups.
The teams belonging to the concerned group play
among themselves either knock out or League basis
and decide the winner of the group. thereafter the
group winner play among themselves again either on
knock out basis and decide the champion.
85. The big city or district or a state or a country may be
divided in to few zones. The teams of each zone
complete among themselves and decide a winner and
then zonal winner compete among themselves to
decide the champion.
This type of tournament is highly recommended for
conducting the inter-school/college tournament
90. Challenge Tournaments
• Challenge tournaments are usually conducted for
games like Badminton, Table Tennis, Squash, etc.
• Challenge tournaments can be carried out during
any specified period of time without any fixed
schedule.
• This tournament helps in selecting the best players in
individual or dual games.
Two common types of challenge tournaments are:
(a) Ladder Tournament
(b) Pyramid Tournament
(c) Cobweb Method
91. Ladder Tournament
Before starting the ladder tournament, the players
shall be arranged in a ladder arbitrarily. Certain rules
are followed in the conduct of the tournaments
A player can challenge only the player immediately
above him
Challenge must be accepted and played only in the
order they are made.
if the challenger has defeated the player he
challenged, the challenger is placed above the loser
in the ladder.
The players who have already played a challenge
shall not be allowed to play or challenge again.
At the end of the specified period of the
tournament, the player remaining on the top of
the ladder is declared the winner or the best.
92. Pyramid Tournament
1. Pyramid tournament is a modified
form of ladder tournament.
2. Players are arranged in the form of a
pyramid arbitrarily.
3. Players of a particular rank can
challenge any one of the players in the
rank immediately above him provided
he has challenged the players of his
own rank and won. For example, H in
rank 4 can challenge C or M or L in
rank 3 only after he has challenged and
won against K or F or S in his own rank
93. Organization of an athletic meet
Athletic meet of an institution is called sports meet.
Sports meet may be divided in to two categories from
the conduct and organization point of view, such as
standard and Non-standard sorts meet.
A standard athletic meet conducted according to
international rules of competition.
Non –standard meet it is not necessary to follow
international rules of competition.
Organizing and conducting part of an athletic meet
involve lot of planning and preparation.
94. There some point which one should keep in mind
while planning to organize athletic meet
1. suitable month and date to hold an athletic meet.
2. approximate number of participants.
3. selection athletic event to be included in the
programme.
4. selection and availability of chief guests for the
inauguration of the meet and prize distribution.
5. selection of group for the march past.
6. availability of finances required for purchase of
prizes and refreshment and other materials.
7.kind of prizes to be purchased.
95. 8. Menu of refreshment to be purchased
9. identification of special invitees and their
appropriate number.
The work involved in the organization and the conduct
of the sports meet may be divided under three heads
Pre-meet work
Meet work
Post meet work
97. Pre meet work
There shall be organizing committee which shall
responsible for the successful and smooth conducting
of sports meet.
Several sub committee shall be formed and work under
organizing committee,
Sub committee and their duties follow:
1. Committee for publicity:
the committee shall announce the date, place, the
events etc, the sports meet through the press, poster
and other sources.
98. Committee for ground and equipment
This committee shall be headed by the technical
person. The committee shall be responsible for to
secure the grounds and make arrangement for the
proper layout of track and field. The members shall
also collect all necessary equipment and other
materials and keep them ready for the meet.
Committee for officials
committee shall write to various qualified and
competent persons for officiate the track and field
events and get their acceptance/ willingness . This
committee may also contact the chief guests for the
inauguration and prize distribution as per the
direction of organizing committee.
99. Committee for accommodation and seating arrangement
this committee shall arrange for the
accommodation of competitors and officials coming from
out sides.
Committee for reception
this committee will receive the guests for
inauguration and prize distribution. also will see that the
special invitees are welcomed on the day of the meet and
takes seats reserved for them.
Committee for decoration and ceremonies
it is responsibility of this committee to see that
athletic arena and pandal are decorated nicely in a pleasant
manner and also to make necessary arrangement for the
opening ceremony, victory ceremony, and the closing
ceremony of the athletic meet and also responsible for
trophies, medals, and other awards.
100. Committee for purchase trophies/awards
this committee will ensure that all the trophies,
awards, are purchased according to the number of events
and also with in the price fixed by organizing committee.
Committee for refreshment and entertainment
this committee shall take charge of supplying
refreshment and drinks to the competitors, officials, special
invitees etc. they shall also arrange the some entertainment
at the end of the sports meet.
Committee for entries and programme
this committee shall receive entries, allot
number o competitors , arrange heats, fill in the record
sheet , with the name and number of competitors for the
respective events and prepare programme for conduct of
the meet.
101. Committee for maintain discipline
the member of this committee are
technically known as marshals. They maintain
discipline on the athletic arena. They do not allow
tress-pass . Only the athletes, who are actually
participating in a particular event are allowed to enter
on the athletic field
Meet work
on the day of athletic meet all officials and
competitors shall report well before the
commencement of an event
the official are given badges or arm bands ,copys of
programme ,record sheets.
102. Competitors shall receive their chest number,
programme copy, necessary instructions.
The sports meet shall then be start with open
ceremony which usually consist of the march past of
the athletes, salute taking by the chief guest
declaration of opening of the meet by chief guest, flag
hosting, oath taking, carrying of torch and lilting torch
releasing balloons and pigeons etc,
The event shall be conducted according to
programme.
The victory ceremony will take place as soon as the
final of each event is over
After conduct of all events as per the programme, all
competitors shall assemble for the closing function ,
then the presentation of trophies, certificates etc.
103. Closing ceremony, cultural programme
At last march past tack place, athletes assemble in
frond of the rostrum, singing of national anthem,
lowering flag, declaration of closing the athletic meet
by the chief guest, handing over flag to chief guest by
the guard of honor , the chief guest hands over the flag
to the head of institution for keeping it under safe
custody till the next athletic meet.
Post meet work
after the meet over, it is necessary to return
the equipment and other materials borrowed from
others. Thanks giving letters are sent to those who
helped in conduct of sports meet , finally all accounts
are settled under the rules.
104. Intramural & Extramural
Meaning of Intramurals:
Intramural is derived from the latin word’ Intra” and
“muralis’.”Intra” means “within” and “Muralis” means
‘Wall .So we can say that the activities, which are
performed within the walls or within the campus of an
institution ,are called ‘Intramurals.
intramural competitions are the
competitions conducted within the players of the same
institution. The benefits of intramural competitions
are extended to almost all the students of the in order
to achieve the aim of education, all round
development of a child.
105. Objectives of Intramurals:
l. To provide opportunity to every student to participate
in Games and Sports
2. To develop Leadership Qualities among students
3. To develop Feeling of Cooperation
4. To provide Recreation
5. To develop the Feeling of Sports-manship
6. To provide opportunity to learn a variety of games and
Skills
7. To provide opportunity to get Experience of
Organization of Competitions
8. To find out talented Sport persons
9. To provide opportunity to Develop personality
106. principles of Intramurals.
1 It means the favorite games of the school and the area in
which the school is located. Availability of play ground and
other facilities. Which are suitable for activities & students.
2 Good quality sports equipments and facilities
In order to organize intramurals the sports equipments
should be very high quality to avoid the injuries.
3 Interest
The selection of activities should be on the basis of the
interest of the students so that the students can enjoy it
and it will increase the number of participation in the
intramurals .To maintain the interest, activities should be
selected on the basis of students, facilities & society
107. 4 Budget
Organizing intramurals is based on the budget of the school.
In case there is sufficient budget it can be organized on a
large scale other wise we can organize it within the budget.
5 Time & climatic condition It is also a very important
factor. It should be organized in evening or in the holidays
so that the teaching classes are not disturbed.
6 Mass participation In such competitions winning should
not be over emphasized because mass participation is more
important. We should see that every student take part and
enjoy the sports activities.
7 Medical examination
Medical examination of all the participants should be
compulsory. Students having serious health problem an
injury should be prevented from participating.
8 Classification of students
On the basis of age, sex, ability, weight, height and
strengths of class, students should be classified to maintain
the interest in the tournament.
108. EXTRAMURALS:-
Extramural is derived from the latin words “Extra” and
muralis ”. So, we can say that the activities which are
performed outside the walls of an institution or
school, are known as “extra murals”.
Extramural competitions are
conducted between the players of two or more
institutions. In such competitions selected players
represent their institution in a particular game or sport
in order to shows their there skill and bring honor to
their institution, examples of such competitions are
inter-college, intervarsity.
109. Objectives of Extramural:-
1. To provide Experience to Students
2. To improve the Standard of Sports
3. To broaden the Base of Sports
4. To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity
5. To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced
Techniques
110. Conduct of intramural competition
Division of students participants for intramural
competition
students shall be divided in to several unit for the
purpose of competition. The unit must be homogeneous in
nature. The highly skilled player identified. Either the
skilled students are divided equally in different units or
their competition may be conducted separately.
Non residential institution
The unite may be formed
On class basis , particular grade basis , chronological age
basis
In colleges the unite may be formed class/department basis
111. Intramural competition committee
The intramural competitions are conducted by the intramural
committee. These committee usually comprises following;
1. The intramural director
He will be the senior most teacher of physical education
faculty of an institution.
2. Assistant director
One among the remaining teachers of physical education
.who are assisting the director
3. Assistant teachers
further assisted by the class room teachers when
competition held
4. A secretary
A secretary of intramural committee is either selected or
elected from among the captain of units house.
112. A join secretary
it is the sole responsibility of intramural
committee to frame rules and regulation for the
competition. Standard rules as well as prevailing
condition on campus must be kept in mind.
Activity for the intramural competition
keep in mind the facilities, time , finance
available for completing the competition, major and
minor game shall be included in the competition. The
interest of the student shall also consideration while
deciding the activity for competition.
113. Time and type of competition
the best time suited for the competition is after
teaching hours and on Saturday. The intramural
competition shall be conducted through out the year .
But heavy programme because of intramural should
be in the first and second term. During the third term
there should be light programme because of the for
coming examination. Type of competition depends
upon the number of teams and play field available ,
and also depends upon the time at your disposal.
Officials
qualified and competent officials are necessary for
a sound intramural programme.
114. Point system
A point system shall be developed in such a way that it
stimulates healthy competition , maintains continued
interest and performance. The point system should be
readily understood by all and easy to administer. The
point system is decided by the intramural committee
before commencement of the intramural programme.
the total point scored by each unit at the end of the
intramural competitions will decide the intramural
champion.
Awards
some kind of recognition must be given to the winner
in each activity and to the intramural champion
